This was Susanne’s and my second of two full days at Villa Carmen, and we were looking forward to exploring the primary forest on the other side of the Piñipiñi River. The flat ground and fertile soils on this side were part of a large working farm (hacienda) until recently, much of which is rapidly returning to rain forest, a little of which is still being farmed. But the steep slopes and shallower soils on the other side have only been farmed for the most valuable trees, and the forest is largely intact.
We first took a short, pre-breakfast walk down to the Pilcopata River, but I got out early and was reminded that Kim Garwood’s group of butterfliers were here. Next to the trail was this Sinois Ruby-eye (Talides sinois) on a spit wad lure. It’s well known among butterfly watchers and collectors that many forest understory skippers, especially crepuscular ones like this, will land on bird dropping to get salts and minerals. At some point, someone discovered that a spit wad of tissue paper mimics a bird dropping well enough to fool these skippers, and not just for a moment; laying a trail of spitwads is a great way to boost your species list. I discovered why it works while hunting for scorpions with my little hand held black light – every bit of white paper very brightly reflects ultraviolet light, including little bits of trash, cigarette butts, etc. And I tied that to the research published on how American Kestrels can hone in on active mouse trails because they see ultraviolet light and that the urea in mouse urine reflects it. So these skippers are darting through the forest understory just looking for anything that stands out, brightly reflecting ultraviolet wavelengths. It might be the urea of a bird dropping or it might be a bit of tissue paper, but they can’t tell the difference.
We stopped at the impoundment below the rooms and dining hall where last month I had discovered a huge patch of heliotrope. All members of the family Boraginaceae contain the alkaloids that are so treasured by clearwings and their relatives for chemical defense and the manufacture of pheromones, but heliotrope seems to be much more attractive than others. The problem is that it grows only in full tropical sun, and nearly all Ithomiines dwell only the shady understory of the forest. Very early morning then is when they can safely come out and take a sip. This Ithomiine is Mazaeus Tigerwing (Mechanitis mazaeus; thanks to Jim Brock for the ID).
Down by the river I heard a very distant short drum of Crimson-crested Woodpecker, and then looked up to coincidentally see this one on a Triplaris tree (probably T. americanus). This well-known tree in the buckwheat family has separate sexes (this is a female with the red-winged fruits) and hosts a very pernicious ant that attacks anything landing on the tree and prunes the ground all around the tree, presumably to reduce competition from other plants. I suspect the woodpecker was eating a few ants before they came out of their holes to attack.
Taken later in the day, here is a close-up of the ants, Pseudomyrmex triplarinus (note the similarity in the specific epithet to the host tree’s genus).
The rest of these photos are just a chronologically sorted sample of the day’s highlights, minus birds. We indeed saw lots of great birds today, including a Rufous-capped Nunlet, Spot-backed Antbirds, and Plain Softtails; I just didn’t get any photos of them.
On our way back to breakfast I stopped for this bug in the familiar family Coreidae; it seems to match closely Euagona diana, sometimes called the bull’s horn leaf-footed bug.
Still before breakfast I came across this Black-fronted Prestonian (Tithorea harmonia), another clearwing relative.
As we gathered our packs for a long day hike, I spotted this Duma Silverpatch (Aides duma) on my doorstep. This was one of only two or three species on my doorstep this entire trip; a month ago we saw somewhere around 10 species on our doorstep each day; the changeover in species and abundance was striking. Interestingly, we didn’t see this species of skipper anywhere on our big butterfly tour last month.
I’m pretty sure this black-spotted stinkbug was among the last photos I took before we arrived at the cable car/ bosun’s chair that the quiet, capable and adorable guide Ediberto operated for us to the other side of the river. I’m not sure why I didn’t take a photo him and the contraption.
Almost immediately Susanne began finding exciting mushrooms, with a deeper, darker forest offering a more humid and undisturbed understory. This very Amanita-like mushroom (note the ring on the stipe and the volva) appears to be in the little-known genus Leucoagaricus.
At the seeps in the drainages were several of these very shy damselflies, which my friend Dennis Paulson thinks are probably Polythore boliviana; the first is a female, the second a strikingly different male.
It was difficult to capture the color and iridescence in the leaves of this unusually lush plant in the understory. My best guess is that it is in the same family as spiderwort and dayflower, Commelinaceae.
This Ziba Scrub-Hairstreak (Strymon ziba) inexplicably found my thumb to be more attractive than the leaf I found it on.
This Heart-spotted Heliconian (Heliconius hecale) quickly honed in on the cross-sectioned Xylaria sp. fungus that Susanne had placed on the leaf. A first for science?
These ants were likely mining the wood on this fallen log for their nest; interestingly, a couple hours later they were gone. The spines on their thorax are very similar to those in the genus Aphaenogaster from Arizona.
These mating metalmarks in the genus Mesosemia are perhaps the most difficult of the genus to identify. There are other species whose females look just like this with the males looking quite different and very colorful, but in this one both males and females are very brown. These are perhaps either M. sirenia or M. judicialis.
Yet another difficult genus; I’ve narrowed down this understory skipper to either Staphylus chlora or S. oeta. Jim Brock’s advice is “good luck.”
I was very excited to see this amazing metalmark and am lucky to have even gotten this horrible photo way out of reach of a normal camera. Notice how the spots within the red blocks are metallic like molten silver droplets. I first photographed this Black-bellied Jewelmark (Anteros formosus) in Costa Rica a few years ago. And when my friend Mary Klinkel asked me to submit my favorite butterfly to her, she responded by painting that photo onto a t-shirt in exquisite detail for me.
Surprise: this Castnia sp. is a moth, despite the filamentous, bulb-tipped antennae.
I saw this Orange-striped Pixie (Melanis marathon) with my group a month ago as well, so it must be a relatively common metalmark.
This widespread and very attractive mushroom is Cookeina speciosa.
I don’t think I had ever seen this skipper, a Copper-headed Bolla (Bolla cupreiceps), and we certainly didn’t have one last month.
On the other hand, I remember at least brief views of a stunning Blue-glossed Skipper (Onophas columbaria) on last month’s tour.
These common, dark hairstreaks along the trailside are a bane for people who like to name things. This one seems to be a very good match for (but might very well not be) Malta Groundstreak (Calycopis malta).
If you know the word “puffball” you’re ahead of most of humanity. This one is apparently in the genus Lycoperdon. I’m still on the steep side of the mushroom learning curve. Update: And to prove this point Susanne points out to me that this puffball is actually in the closely related genus Calvatia.
There are a surprisingly large number of confusing, blue-tinted satyrs in the understory here. This one appears to be Cyan Blue-Satyr (Caeruleuptychia cyanites).
Another moth masquerading as a butterfly: Castnia sp.
While Susanne and I kneeled next to a big, very rotten log to photograph a fungus, this damselfly in the genus Philogenia (one of several possible) landed next to us and began laying eggs into the wet, moldering wood.
Near here we found these fungal fruiting bodies emerging from the wet, decaying undergrowth. They are from a fungus in the genus Cordyceps (or a closely related genus) that parasitizes arthropods, though with this one we didn’t find the host, probably a beetle larva well within the wood. Think Invasion of the Body Snatchers on a micro level.
We saw a few grasshoppers on this trail, but very few in this region are readily identifiable. This was an obvious monkey grasshopper, family Eumastacidae, and the genus is probably Pseudomastax.
Pure green in butterflies is a rarity, so this widespread Malachite (Siproeta stelenes) didn’t fail to take our breath away.
I had seen this jokingly-named Ritchie Valens' Skipper (Carrhenes bamba) in Brazil, but it appears to be a rarity in these parts.
This metalmark Aqua-banded Scintillant (Chalodeta theodora) seems to be quite frequent in much of the Amazonian basin.
Without Susanne, I probably would have never known that this Camillea sp. (probably C. patouillardii) is merely a fruiting body of yet another fungus.
Grasshoppers are hard to ID here. This is almost certainly in the subfamily Romaleinae.
Based on the general shape and size of the antennae, I’d guess this one is also a romaleine.
My guess is that this beetle larva is a pleasing fungus beetle, family Erotylidae.
These are a mating pair of the Forest Cracker (Hamadryas chloe), the only member of the large genus that occurs in the forest understory.
This unknown flower seems most likely to be in the family Acanthaceae, but I can’t seem to nail it down to genus.
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